Yeah, that seems to be the best place to find the list of archetypes that I've seen thus far, as an end user.1) Not really. I'm a software dev (not for this game), so I like to look at how stuff works and tweak it a bit, which is why I figured out how to change NPCs (vast majority of my professors didn't have the gender I wanted). If you look around the console you can probably figure out how to cheat if you want - although I don't think it's neccessarily needed, the game already allows you to cheat if you enable it in the options. If you want to edit more stuff, I recommend looking around the "SugarCube.State.variables" object in the console. A lot of the current state is stored there.
2) Only list I know of is the one when you check the object "SugarCube.setup.archetypes". Seems to contain all archetypes with descriptions, inclinations etc.
'SugarCube.setup' looks to have a lot of the world generation stuff stored here. There's a LOT. My guess is once you are in the game, it's probably too late to tinker with much here as large parts of the world are already generated. I didn't look to see if things like NPCs are generated on the fly, but could be.
'SugarCube.State.variables' is where most of the current game variables seem to go. This would probably be after the world generation is done. Skills, traits, money, clothes, gender distribution rates, all generated NPCs in the game and their stats/details/schedule, places you have/haven't discovered, and more. There's a LOT in there, so it takes a while to pick through it all.
Once you know what the archetypes are, you can look up all of a games NPCs by getting 'SugarCube.State.variables.people' under each NPC there's an 'archetype' where you'll see what each has and can correlate the two. I don't know if changing the archetype here will break anything within the game, as there may be other dependencies.