If it makes you feel better - you're not the only one.
I'm consistently getting the same "render" error you've uploaded, and it's like you've said - when launching, it's either completely black screen or an error message about 70% of the time.
Sometimes, I'm getting the black screen (same as you, can hear sound and play the game, just can't see shit) right after loading the save, entering a new room or when starting the fight. Didn't have that happen during any of the minigames yet.
I've tried a bunch of things, like updating drivers etc., but it's still an issue. New drivers seem like they've reduced the frequency of it happening, but I haven't tested enough to confirm that this wasn't just a lucky streak.
The game's unmodded, and on a fresh save file. I've 8GB of RAM, but I've never experienced a slowdown or FPS drop in this game, haven't had a single crash since the early beta versions either, so no idea what the hell's going on, it's clearly not a memory issue.