As far as the time of day goes, I know that the brightness changes, and sometimes it will say something like "wait until afternoon" etc. , but other than that, is there a way to tell what time of day it is?
Each time of day (morning, afternoon and evening) has 2 "halves". For example, when you wake up and eat breakfast it's morning's first half, when you go outside and Lucile is in the garden ready to play hide n seek, it's the 2nd half of the morning, after that, the 1st half of the afternoon starts and so on.
Other way to tell the time, albeit more akin to someone that has run around all over the place for hours, it's the location of the manor's inhabitants.
For example, 1st half of the morning Martha is doing yoga, Lucile is sleeping and Vera is in the kitchen, for the 2nd half of the morning, Martha is taking a bath, Lucile is running in the garden and Vera is "helping" the horse.
Yet another way to tell the time is to use the couch in the fireplace. Take a seat and if it says "Wait", it means you're in the 1st half of whatever timeframe you're currently on (morning, afternoon or evening), but if it says "Wait until x" (x being afternoon or evening), then you're in the 2nd half.