To 1.: In v8.3h there are only Handheld Computer Mark I and Mark II. But there are ways to get a bonus to hacking, ie. via grid keys and high science skill etc.
To 2.: Well the garden tools were previously buyable at Roo's General store, but in v8.3h it was forgotten to include the garden tools in "GenBuy", so they are currently (v8.3h) not buyable - maybe they do (or did) reappear in v8.31 (which is not yet released for the public).
To 3.: Yes (short answer). A little longer answer: global event that lets Marston Fort getting occupied by the "Red Tide" - Shanas. Lone bandit girl in Stokke Hills (does reappear every so often). Otherwise "low control spawns" and roaming bandit groups (from a certain global event) can give a bandit group with three females. All others are in v8.3h not renewable.
To. 4: That depends, what you mean by moving to different location. You can demolish most rooms and then build the room elsewhere, but you might not be able to build the newsroom in any room, only in some "empty rooms" (ie. in the basement).
To. 5: Boost your standing to 100 with that faction (but not possible for all factions), otherwise there is a long forums post of mine about factions a few pages back (and I will not repeat the contents). And for most factions you can only get 1/3 of their power value added to yours.
To. 6: Random, but you need at least one npc (or merc).
To. 7: Rare artifacts can be donated to factions and you might also take a look, what items can be put as furniture in some rooms (ie. rare artifacts).
To. 8: The requirements are literaly on the wiki: if you have 6000 influence, there is no additional requirement, otherwise there is a minimum age.